Contents
Chapter 1 - Fundamentals & Raw materials - I-Reagents
1.1 Market
1.1.1 Latin America and Brazil
1.2 Isocyanates
1.2.1 Chemical reactions
1.2.2 Reactivity
1.2.3 Commercial products
1.2.3.1 Toluene diisocyanate (TDI)
1.2.3.2 Diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI)
1.2.3.3 Aliphatic isocyanates
1.2.3.4 Blocked isocyanates
1.2.3.5 Modified isocyanates
1.2.3.6 Prepolymers
1.3 Polyols
1.3.1 Polyoxypropylene glycols (PPG's)
1.3.1.1 Polyoxypropylene/ethylene glycols
1.3.1.2 PPG's with low monol contents
1.3.1.3 Polymer polyols
1.3.2 Polyester polyols
1.3.2.1 Aliphatic polyester polyols
1.3.2.1.1 Polycaprolactone polyols
1.3.2.2 Aromatic polyester polyols
1.3.3 Poly(oxytetramethylene) glicol
1.3.4 Castor oil based polyols
1.3.5 Hydroxyl terminated polybutadiene (HTPB)
1.3.6 Acrylic polyols
1.4 Polyamines
1.5 Chain extenders
1.5.1 Hydroxylated chain extenders
1.5.2 Diamines as chain extenders
1.6 Relationship between structure and properties
1.6.1 Segmented polyurethanes
1.6.2 Hard segment effects
1.6.3 Soft segments effects
1.6.4 Molecular structures
1.6.5 Crosslinked PUs
Chapter 2 - Fundamentals & Raw materials - II - Additives
2.1 Catalysts
2.1.1 Catalysis
2.1.2 Tertiary amines
2.1.2.1 Catalysis mechanism
2.1.2.2 Gel and blow catalysis
2.1.3 Organometallic catalysts
2.2 Inhibitors
2.3 Blowing agents
2.3.1 Flexible foams
2.3.2 Rigid foams
2.4 Surfactants
2.4.1 Selection of the silicone surfactant
2.4.2 Low density foams stabilization mechanisms
2.4.3 Microcellular systems
2.5 Fillers
2.6 Antiaging agents
2.7 Coloring materials
2.8 Flame retardants
2.9 Release agents
2.10 Special addictives
2.10.1 Crosslinkers
2.10.2 Adhesion promoters
2.10.3 Coupling agents
2.10.4 Moisture scavengers
2.10.5 Rheology modifiers
2.10.6 Plasticizers
2.10.7 Antistatic agents
2.10.8 Cell openers
2.10.9 Lubricating
2.10.10 Hydrolysis stabilizers
2.10.11 Bacteriostats
Chapter 3 - Flexible Foams
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Raw materials
3.2.1 Polyols
3.2.2 Isocyanates
3.2.3 Catalysts
3.2.4 Surfactants
3.2.5 Blowing agents
3.3 Flexible foams fundamentals
3.3.1 Chemical reactions
3.3.2 Conventional flexible foams
3.3.3 High resilience flexible foams
3.3.4 Reactivity evaluation
3.4 Slabstock production
3.4.1 Discontinuous processes
3.4.1.1 Conventional processes
3.4.1.2 Variable pressure process
3.4.2 Continuous foam processes
3.4.2.1 Storage, metering and mixing
3.4.2.1.2 Liquid carbon dioxide addition
3.4.2.2 Conventional processes
3.4.2.2.1 Hennecke process
3.4.2.2.2 Draka-Petzetakis process
3.4.2.3 Maxfoam process
3.4.2.4 Vertifoam process
3.4.3 Finish and recycling
3.5 Properties of slabstock foams
3.5.1 Hardness and density
3.5.2 Cells size
3.5.3 Resilience and viscoelasticity
3.5.4 Tension properties
3.5.5 Compression set
3.5.6 Dynamic fatigue test
3.5.7 Atmospheric conditions effects
3.5.8 Flammability
3.5.9 Acoustic properties
3.5.10 Antistatic
3.6 Slabstock production problems
3.7 Carpet backing
Chapter 4 - Molded Polyurethanes
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Processes
4.2.1 Low-pressure equipments
4.2.2 Reaction injection moulding (RIM)
4.2.2.1 Production technology
4.2.3 Molds covering with films
4.2.4 CO2 foaming
4.2.5 Vacuum foaming
4.2.6 Moulding with abrasive fillers
4.3 Flexible Molded foams
4.3.1 Process technology
4.3.2 Hot molded flexible foams
4.3.2.1 Raw materials
4.3.2.2 Process technology
4.3.3 HR molded foams
4.3.3.1 Raw materials
4.3.3.2 Process technology
4.3.4 Foam stability
4.3.5 Molds
4.4 Semiflexible foams
4.5 Semirigid foams
4.6 Integral skin foams
4.6.1 Raw materials
4.6.2 Process technology
4.7 Integral flexible polyurethanes
4.7.1 Raw materials
4.7.2 Properties
4.8 Footwear
4.8.1 Properties
4.8.2 Process technology
4.8.2.1 Process conditions and properties relationship
4.9 Other microcelular and solids PU's
4.10 Polyureas
4.11 Integral rigid foams
4.11.1 Process technology
4.11.2 Applications
Chapter 5 - Rigid Foams
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Raw materials
5.2.1 Polyurethane rigid foams (PUR)
5.2.1.1 Polyols
5.2.2 Polysocyanurate rigid foams (PIR)
5.2.2.1 Polyols
5.2.3 Auxiliary blowing agents (ABA's)
5.2.3.1 ABA's in appliance insulation
5.2.3.2 ABA's in production of panels
5.2.4 Catalyst
5.2.5 Surfactants
5.3 Foam formation
5.3.1 Nucleation and cells formation
5.3.2 Chemical reactions
5.3.3 Foaming
5.4 Properties
5.4.1 Mechanical properties
5.4.2 Dimensional stability
5.4.3 Thermal conductivity
5.4.4 Inflammability
5.5 Processes
5.5.1 Slabstock production
5.5.1.1 Discontinuous process
5.5.1.2 Semicontinuous production
5.5.1.3 Continuous processes
5.5.2 Production of panels & boards
5.5.2.1 Continuous processes
5.5.2.2 Discontinuous production
5.5.2.3 Pressurized injection process
5.5.2.4 Vacuum injection process
5.5.2.5 Typical formulations
5.5.3 Thermal insulation of appliances & pipes
5.5.3.1 Thermal insulation of refrigerators and freezers
5.5.3.2 Thermal insulation of pipes
5.5.4 Spray process
5.5.5 Pressurized systems
5.5.6 One component systems (OCF's)
5.5.7 Foam injection and pouring
5.5.8 Integral rigid foams
Chapter 6 - Elastomers
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Cast elastomers
6.2.1 One shot process
6.2.2 Prepolymer process
6.2.3 Chemistry
6.2.4 Raw materials
6.2.4.1 Isocyanates
6.2.4.2 Polyols
6.2.4.3 Chain extenders
6.2.5 Processing and applications
6.2.5.1 Hot moulded TDI and MDI elastomers
6.2.5.2 Reactive systems
6.2.5.2 Hot moulded NDI elastomers
6.2.6 Properties
6.2.6.1 Effect of the hard and soft segments
6.2.6.2 NCO/OH relationship effect
6.3 Thermoplastics elastomers (TPU's)
6.3.1 Raw materials
6.3.2 Properties
6.3.3 Production
6.3.4 Injection & extrusion
6.3.5 Applications
6.3.6 Polymers blends
6.4 Millable PU gum
Chapter 7 - Others Polyurethanes Applications
7.1 Adhesives & Binders
7.3.1 Fundamentals
7.1.2 Liquid (100% solid) adhesives
7.1.2.1 Two components adhesives
7.1.2.2 One component adhesives
7.1.3 Water based adhesives
7.1.4 Hot melt adhesives
7.1.4.1 PU hot melt adhesives
7.1.5 Solvent adhesives
7.1.6 Binders
7.1.6.1 Wood bonding
7.1.6.2 Rubber bonding
7.1.6.3 Foundry sand bonding
7.1.6.4 Rocket fuel binders
7.2 Sealants & Gasket
7.2.1 Two components systems
7.2.2 One component systems
7.2.2.1 Silanized Polyurethanes
7.2.3 In situ production of cellular gaskets
7.3 Paints and coatings
7.3.1 Raw materials
7.3.2 Solventborne coatings
7.3.2.1 Two components reactive systems (2K-PUR)
7.3.2.2 Reactive one component systems
7.3.2.2.1 Moisture curing systems
7.3.2.2.2 Blocked systems
7.3.2.2.3 Air dry systems
7.3.2.2.4 Cured with UV radiation or electrons beam
7.3.3 Powder coatings
7.3.4 Water based PU coatings (PUD's)
7.3.4.1 One component PUD's (1K-PUD)
7.3.4.1.1 PUD's / acrylic resins (PUD-ACR)
7.3.4.2 Two components PUD's (2K-PUD)
7.3.5 RIM-spray systems
7.3.5.1 Polyurea coatings
7.3.6 Textile, paper and leather coatings
7.3.7 Electric encapsulation
7.4 Fibers
Chapter 8 - Evaluation and testing
8.1 Physical properties
8.1.1 Sample conditioning
8.1.2 Mechanical properties
8.1.2.1 Tensile experiments
8.1.2.2 Tear strength
8.1.2.3 Resilience
8.1.2.4 Compression experiments
8.1.2.5 Compression & indentation tests
8.1.2.6 Hardness index
8.1.2.7 Friction resistance
8.1.2.8 Shear experiment
8.1.2.9 Flexing test
8.1.2.10 Tensile modulus
8.1.2.11 Impact experiments
8.1.3 Durability testing
8.1.3.1 Creep experiments
8.1.3.2 Compression set tests
8.1.3.3 Fatigue test
8.1.3.4 Abrasion performance
8.1.3.5 Heat builds up
8.1.4 Cellular materials properties
8.1.4.1 Density test
8.1.4.2 Determination of the cellular structure
8.1.4.3 Open and closed cells contents
8.1.4.4 Airflow
8.1.5 Thermal properties
8.1.5.1 Thermal expansion
8.1.5.2 Thermal conductivity
8.1.5.3 Dimensional thermal stability
8.1.5.4 Heat distortion temperature
8.1.5.5 Melting point and glass transition
8.1.5.6 Temperature dependence of properties
8.2 Chemical and physicochemical properties
8.2.1 Tests of accelerated aging
8.2.2 Water vapor permeability
8.2.3 Stability to liquid, solid and gases
Appendix 1 - Safety and health
Appendix 2 - References